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Francisco de Zurbarán (baptized November 7, 1598 – August 27, 1664) was a Spanish painter. He is known primarily for his religious paintings depicting monks, nuns, and martyrs, and for his still-lifes. Zurbarán gained the nickname ''Spanish Caravaggio'', owing to the forceful, realistic use of chiaroscuro in which he excelled. ==Biography== Zurbarán was born in 1598 in Fuente de Cantos, Extremadura; he was baptized on November 7 of that year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Seventeenth-century Art and Architecture )〕〔〔Baticle, Jeannine. "Francisco de Zurbaran: A Chronological Review". In Baticle, Jeannine. ''Zurburan''. Metropolitan Museum of Art (1987), at p. 53.〕 His parents were Luis de Zurbarán, a haberdasher, and his wife, Isabel Márquez.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zurbarán, 1598-1664 )〕〔 In childhood he set about imitating objects with charcoal. In 1614 his father sent him to Seville to apprentice for three years with Pedro Díaz de Villanueva, an artist of whom very little is known.〔Gállego and Gudiol 1987, p. 13.〕 His first marriage, in 1617, was to María Paet who was nine years older. María died after the birth of their third child in 1624. In 1625 he married again to wealthy widow Beatriz de Morales. On January 17, 1626 Francisco de Zurbarán signed a contract with the prior of the Dominican monastery San Pablo el Real in Seville, agreeing to produce 21 paintings within eight months.〔Gállego and Gudiol 1987, p. 16.〕 Fourteen of the paintings depicted the life of Saint Dominic; the others represented Saint Bonaventura, Saint Thomas Aquinas, Saint Dominic, and the four Doctors of the Church.〔Gállego and Gudiol 1987, p. 73.〕 This commission established Zurbarán as a painter. On August 29, 1628, Francisco de Zurbarán was commissioned by the Mercedarians of Seville to produce 22 paintings for the cloister in their monastery. In 1629, the Elders of Seville invited Zurbarán to relocate permanently to the city, as his paintings had gained such high reputation, that he would increase the reputation of Seville. He accepted the invitation and moved to Seville with his wife Beatriz de Morales, the three children from his first marriage, a relative called Isabel de Zurbarán and eight servants. In May 1639 his second wife, Beatriz de Morales, died. Towards 1630 he was appointed painter to Philip IV, and there is a story that on one occasion the sovereign laid his hand on the artist's shoulder, saying "Painter to the king, king of painters". After 1640 his austere, harsh, hard-edged style was unfavorably compared to the sentimental religiosity of Murillo and Zurbarán's reputation declined. Beginning by the late 1630s, Zurbarán's workshop produced many paintings for export to South America.〔Ressort and Jordan, Grove Art Online.〕 On February 7, 1644, Francisco married a third time with another wealthy widow, Leonor de Torder. It was only in 1658, late in Zurbarán's life, that he moved to Madrid in search of work and renewed his contact with Velázquez.〔 Popular myth has Zurbarán dying in poverty, however at his death, the value of his estate was about 20,000 ''reales''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Francisco de Zurbarán」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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